2 Common critical care conditions
A short summary in PICUlearn's own words. The original wording is in the publisher's document.
- 2.A Multiple organ failure and organ interactions
- 2.B Respiratory conditions
- 2.C Cardiovascular conditions
- 2.D Neurological conditions
- 2.E Inflammatory, immune and infectious disease
- 2.F Renal, fluid and electrolyte disorders
- 2.G Haematology and oncology
- 2.H Endocrine and metabolic conditions
- 2.I Liver and gut disease and nutrition
- 2.J Trauma
- 2.K Poisoning and envenomation
- 2.L Mental health conditions seen in PICU
272 practice questions on this
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Course modules
- Fluids, lines and accessPICU BasicsCourse module
- PARDS and respiratory failurePICU BasicsCourse module
- BronchiolitisPICU BasicsCourse module
- Shock and sepsisPICU BasicsCourse module
- Status epilepticus and the neurological patientPICU BasicsCourse module
- DKA and metabolic emergenciesPICU BasicsCourse module
Videos
- Shock, Septic Shock & Inotropes | Pediatrics PG Residency | Dr. Parag Shankarrao | DocTutorialsDocTutorials Super SpecialityVideo
- Non-transplant Options in Pediatric Acute Liver Failure by A. Deep | OPENPediatricsOPENPediatricsVideo
- Blood Transfusions - Medical-Surgical (Med-Surg) - Cardiovascular System -@LevelUpRNLevel Up RNVideo
- Trauma Evaluation in the ICU by C. Weldon | OPENPediatricsOPENPediatricsVideo
- Introduction to Traumatic Brain Injury by L. DelSignore, A. Olszewski | OPENPediatricsOPENPediatricsVideo
- Management of acute Liver Cell Failure, and Extracorporeal Hepatic support Prof Noha El-AnwaPediatrics' Cairo universityVideo
- Prone Positioning for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)Rush University System for HealthVideo
- Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)Anesthesia SDVideo
- Primer On Use Of High Flow Nasal Cannula For Pediatric BronchiolitisThe Center for Medical EducationVideo
- (Bacterial) Meningitis PathophysiologyArmando HasudunganVideo
- Pediatric Surviving Sepsis: Insights From the Leadership by M. Peters, S. Weiss | OPENPediatricsOPENPediatricsVideo
- Congenital Heart Disease in NeonatesCleveland ClinicVideo
- Epiglottitis, Croup, Bronchiolitis - Pediatric Nursing - Respiratory Disorders | @LevelUpRNLevel Up RNVideo
- PEDIATRIC CPR Explained SimplyThe Paramedic CoachVideo
- Raised Intracranial Pressure & Central Nervous System Infections by S. Singhi | OPENPediatricsOPENPediatricsVideo
- QPS TalkTime Ep.23: A spotlight on sepsis in infants and childrenHSE National QPSVideo
- Overview of Pediatric Nutritional NeedsDr. Penelope NealVideo
- DKA in Pediatrics – Emergency Management | Emergency Medicine - WebinarYashoda HospitalsVideo
- Meningitis - Medical-Surgical - Nervous System | @LevelUpRNLevel Up RNVideo
- Understanding ArrhythmiasZero To FinalsVideo
- Oncologic Emergencies | Clinical MedicineNinja NerdVideo
- Paediatric Acute Kidney Injury - Paediatric Emergencies 2020Paediatric EmergenciesVideo
- Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) - Medical-Surgical - Nervous System | @LevelUpRNLevel Up RNVideo
- Types of IV Fluid - Fluid ManagementICU AdvantageVideo
- Burns (DETAILED) Overview - Types, Pathophysiology, TBSAArmando HasudunganVideo
- Paediatric Acute Liver Failure - Current ConceptsPediaLearn By Dr. Sridhurga Video
- Nursing Care of Burns: Alterations in Health - Pediatric Nursing, Integumentary System | @LevelUpRNLevel Up RNVideo
- ATLS 2025 Chapter 11 VIDEO Trauma in the Pediatric Patientshahram paydarVideo
- Seizures | Etiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, Treatment, Complications/Status EpilepticusNinja NerdVideo
- Status Epilepticus - Paediatric Emergencies 2024Paediatric EmergenciesVideo
- Introduction to Arrhythmias by C. LaGrasta, A. Olszewski | OPENPediatricsOPENPediatricsVideo
- Paediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS)Staffs ParamedicsVideo
- Approach to Shock - types, hypovolemic, cardiogenic, distributive, anaphylaxis, pathology, treatmentArmando HasudunganVideo
- Fluid and Electrolytes Imbalances for Nursing Students - NCLEX ReviewRegisteredNurseRNVideo
- Pediatric Burns in Brief: Presentation, Workup, Diagnosis, and Perioperative ConsiderationsStayCurrentMDVideo
- Lung Recruitment and prone positioning in pediatric ventilationWFPICCSVideo
- High-quality CPR and in-hospital peds resuscitationAmerican Heart AssociationVideo
- Supraventricular Arrhythmias by C. LaGrasta | OPENPediatricsOPENPediatricsVideo
- Status Epilepticus with Dr. Manette Ness-Cochinwala and Dr. Anuj JayakarZac HodgesVideo
- Asthma - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathologyOsmosis from ElsevierVideo
- Prone Positioning in ARDS: Why, When, and How It Saves LivesThe Critical Care PractitionerVideo
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis DKA Nursing | DKA Pathophysiology Treatment Management NCLEXRegisteredNurseRNVideo
- Parenteral Nutrition Order Writing Basic in Adults and PediatricsGASPEN GAVideo
- Asthma - Pediatric Nursing - Respiratory Disorders | @LevelUpRNLevel Up RNVideo
- Pediatrics | Nelson Based Teaching | Acute bronchiolitis | RaaonlineRaaonline.co.inVideo
- Pediatric Major Trauma Prevention to resolution #Pediatric #Intensivecare #TraumaRaaonline.co.inVideo
- Case Study: Congenital Heart Defects by P. Lincoln | OPENPediatricOPENPediatricsVideo
- PCHGR: Pediatric Delirium: Impact &Opportunities, led by Dr. Traube on 9/22/26Phoenix Children's Medical EducationVideo
- Parenteral Nutrition: Indications and Practical Applications by K. Ariagno, et al. | OPENPediatricsOPENPediatricsVideo
- Pediatric Cardiac Arrest Algorithm for the Single Rescuer | ACLS Certification AssociationACLS Certification AssociationVideo
- Acute Renal Failure (Acute Kidney Injury) for Nursing NCLEX RN & LPNSimpleNursingVideo
- Managing Bronchiolitis & Asthma in Community Hospitals Pending Transfer to Tertiary Critical CareThe Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids)Video
- Asthma by G. Wolf | OPENPediatricsOPENPediatricsVideo
- Tetralogy of Fallot Overview by J. Pian, J. McKinstry | OPENPediatricsOPENPediatricsVideo
- Why Prone Positioning Failed in Children | The Curley Trial Explained in 90 SecondsPICU ReviewVideo
- What is the role of prone positioning in pediatric ARDS? Dr Martin KneyberAll about newborn care!Video
- Congenital Heart Malformations Made Easy (8 Main Types)Rhesus MedicineVideo
- Cyanotic Congenital Cardiac Defects: Diagnosis & Therapy by T. Kulik, et al. | OPENPediatricsOPENPediatricsVideo
- Burns Nursing Care, Treatment, Degrees, Pathophysiology, Management, NCLEX ReviewRegisteredNurseRNVideo
- Asthma by J. Pian, L. Chiel, L. Rubin, A. Erickson | OPENPediatricsOPENPediatricsVideo
- Understanding Acute Kidney Injury (AKI Made Easy)Rhesus MedicineVideo
- Cardiac Arrest in Children: Chapter 5 Part 1 (PALS Training)American CPR Care AssociationVideo
- Delirium - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment & pathologyOsmosis from ElsevierVideo
- Pediatric Septic Shock by J. O'Hara and K. Madden | OPENPediatricsOPENPediatricsVideo
- The Ultimate ICU Basics Guide | Ventilation, Shock, Pressors & Renal ReplacementWBM Emergency & Critical CareVideo
- Pediatric Cardiac Arrest by R. Berg | OPENPediatricsOPENPediatricsVideo
- Post-Cardiac Arrest Syndrome by A. de Caen, A. Olszewski, L. DelSignore | OPENPediatricsOPENPediatricsVideo
- National Estimates of Pediatric Sepsis by F. Balamuth and C. Rhee | OPENPediatricsOPENPediatricsVideo
- The Multidisciplinary Team Effect on Neonatal Feeding Outcomes in a Pediatric Cardiac Intensive CareJohns Hopkins MedicineVideo
- Introduction to Mechanical Ventilation by G. Wolf | OPENPediatricsOPENPediatricsVideo
- Status Epilepticus - Paediatric Emergencies 2021Paediatric EmergenciesVideo
- Increased Intracranial Pressure: Causes, Symptoms, & NCLEX Nursing CareSimpleNursingVideo
- Hematology/Oncology Emergencies & Transfusion Ep25 | Peds Critical Care BoardsAPPNA Pediatrics Video
- Status Epilepticus - Paediatric Emergencies 2023Paediatric EmergenciesVideo
- Paediatric Delirium QIP RHSCJonny OwenVideo
- Burns Nursing Overview | Rule of Nines, Types, Causes, CareSimpleNursingVideo
- Meningitis - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathologyOsmosis from ElsevierVideo
- Arrhythmias by M. Freed, I. Baiu, L. DelSignore | OPENPediatricsOPENPediatricsVideo
- PICULiber8: the ABCs of recoveryChildren's Healthcare CanadaVideo
- Transposition of the Great Arteries Overview by J. Pian, J. McKinstry | OPENPediatricsOPENPediatricsVideo
- PEEP, recruitment and proning: Opening the lung without bursting itWFPICCSVideo
- Emergency & Trauma AssessmentNursing School ExplainedVideo
- Increased Intracranial Pressure Nursing Pathophysiology NCLEX Symptoms (Cerebral Perfusion Pressure)RegisteredNurseRNVideo
- Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Definition and Causes | Lecturio Critical Care NursingLecturio NursingVideo
- Pediatric Airway EmergencieAnesthesia SDVideo
- Pediatric Delirium: Impact and Opportunities by C. Traube, K. Madden | OPENPediatricsOPENPediatricsVideo
- Fluid and Electrolytes Easy Memorization Tricks for Nursing NCLEX RN & LPNSimpleNursingVideo
- Evidence in Nutrition Practice: Global Practices in Pediatric Intensive Care Units - Channel ONEBaxter Non-Promotional Medical Education HubVideo
- Pediatric Oncological Emergencies: TLS, Febrile Neutropenia, SVC Syndrome & Spinal Cord CompressionProblem resolvedVideo
- Meningitis Nursing Neuro NCLEX Review: Meningitis Causes, Symptoms, Treatment VaccineRegisteredNurseRNVideo
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis (Diabetes Type I) Management SummaryArmando HasudunganVideo
- Blood Transfusions: Procedures, Reactions, & NCLEX EssentialsSimpleNursingVideo
- Congenital Heart Disease by J. Pian, J. McKinstry | OPENPediatricsOPENPediatricsVideo
- Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) » Pathology, Risk Factors, Symptoms, and MedicationsNurseInTheMakingVideo
- Managing Hyperglycemia in Parenteral NutritionSCCMVideo
- Meningitis - Pediatric Nursing - Nervous System Disorders | @LevelUpRNLevel Up RNVideo
- Raised Intracranial PressurePaediatric EmergenciesVideo
- Bronchiolitis by A. Growdon | OPENPediatricsOPENPediatricsVideo
- Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) & Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) - Pediatric Nursing | @LevelUpRNLevel Up RNVideo
- Blood Products & Their Uses EXPLAINED!ICU AdvantageVideo
- Understanding Sepsis (Sepsis Explained Clearly)Rhesus MedicineVideo
- 2022 Child Neurology Update (Enduring): Status Epilepticus in Neonates and ChildrenNorton HealthcareVideo
- Diagnosis and Management of Common Arrhythmias in Children and Adults (with CHD)Mending KidsVideo
- Cyanotic congenital HEART disease? STEP-by-STEP work upTala Talks NICUVideo
- Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) | Clinical MedicineNinja NerdVideo
- How to Approach Trauma Management 🩺🧠 | Emergency MedicineLecturio MedicalVideo
- Understanding BronchiolitisZero To FinalsVideo
- Beyond Tidal Volume: Driving Pressure and Lung Protective Ventilation in PICUWFPICCSVideo
- Clinical Perspectives on Refractory Shock Management: Vasopressor Strategy, Perfusion, & EscalationSCCMVideo
- Managing a Patient with Febrile Neutropenia by K. Greenzang & J. Marron | OPENPediatricsOPENPediatricsVideo
- Updates on the Management of Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain InjuryStanford CMEVideo
- Congenital Heart Defects Nursing | Learn Pediatric Cardiac DefectsSimpleNursingVideo
- Shock | Clinical MedicineNinja NerdVideo
- “The ONLY Pediatric Fluid & Electrolyte Video You’ll Ever Need 🧠💉 (Exam + Emergency)”Dr Sukanya DeyVideo
- Breath by breath: the real science of gas exchangeWFPICCSVideo
- Bronchiolitis (causes, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, treatment)Armando HasudunganVideo
- Paediatric & Newborn Resuscitation: Advanced Life Support Including Arrhythmias (PACT)CMC VelloreVideo
- When blood meets air: VQ matching & shunt mysteriesWFPICCSVideo
- PARDS: Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Ep05 | Peds Critical Care BoardsAPPNA Pediatrics Video
- Bronchiolitis - Paediatric Emergencies 2024Paediatric EmergenciesVideo
- Pediatric Sepsis Updates and Changes at UHS Pediatric Grand Rounds 2 27 2026 Meeting RecordingUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio - UT Health San AntonioVideo
- SepsisPaediatric EmergenciesVideo
- Summary of Cyanotic Congenital Heart Diseases by J. Pian, J. McKinstry | OPENPediatricsOPENPediatricsVideo
- Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis by M. Agus | OPENPediatricsOPENPediatricsVideo
- Acute Liver Failure | Clinical MedicineNinja NerdVideo
- Pediatric Sepsis | Pediatric Grand Round - Mattel Children's Hospital UCLADavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAVideo
- Oncologic Emergencies and Complications (What You MUST Know)Conan Liu, M.D.Video
- Pediatric Critical Care Nutrition NeedsAmanda Haney [Legro] MS RD CNSCVideo
- Setting the Ventilator in pARDS: The First Six HoursWFPICCSVideo
- Pediatric Asthma – Pediatrics | LecturioLecturio MedicalVideo
- Complex: Oncological EmergenciesMrs. WoodruffVideo
Guidelines and evidence
- Report Cards as a Sustainability Tool for Guideline Adherence in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury.Pediatric Quality & Safety (journal), 2026Guideline or evidence
- Inotropes for the prevention of low cardiac output syndrome and mortality for paediatric patients undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease: a network meta-analysis.Cochrane, 2024Guideline or evidence
- Quality and capacity indicators for hospitalized pediatric oncology patients with critical illness: A modified delphi consensus.Cancer Medicine (international modified Delphi expert panel), 2020Guideline or evidence
- Rethinking Pediatric Sepsis and Septic Shock: Beyond International Consensus Criteria.Pediatric Health, Medicine and Therapeutics (expert commentary), 2025Guideline or evidence
- CPR coach presence is associated with increased cardiopulmonary resuscitation guideline adherence in pediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest: a retrospective cohort study.Resuscitation (journal), 2025Guideline or evidence
- International expert consensus statement on PICU admission and early critical care management for paediatric patients following haematopoietic cell transplant and immune effector cell therapy.ESPNIC / PALISI / EBMT, 2025Guideline or evidence
- The effect of intraoperative dexmedetomidine on acute kidney injury after pediatric congenital heart surgery: A prospective randomized trial.Medicine (journal), 2017Guideline or evidence
- Pocket book of hospital care for children: guidelines for the management of common childhood illnessesWorld Health Organization, 2013Guideline or evidence
- Adherence to surviving sepsis guidelines among pediatric intensivists. A national survey.Saudi Medical Journal, 2017Guideline or evidence
- Ketogenic diet therapy for children with super-refractory status epilepticus in intensive care: International clinical practice recommendations.International consensus group (Epilepsia Open), 2026Guideline or evidence
- Clinical guideline highlights for the hospitalist: International consensus criteria for pediatric sepsis and septic shock.Society of Critical Care Medicine (Phoenix criteria), 2024Guideline or evidence
- Part 4: Pediatric Basic and Advanced Life Support: 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care.American Heart Association, 2020Guideline or evidence
- American Heart Association updated 2025 practice guidelines: Basic life support, advanced cardiovascular life support, pediatric advanced life support, and neonatal resuscitation.American Heart Association, 2026Guideline or evidence
- Development and validation of a diagnostic model for early differentiation of sepsis and non-infectious SIRS in critically ill children - a data-driven approach using machine-learning algorithms.BMC Pediatrics, 2018Guideline or evidence
- Commentary: Guidelines for the Management of Pediatric Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Third Edition: Update of the Brain Trauma Foundation Guidelines, Executive Summary.Brain Trauma Foundation, 2019Guideline or evidence
- Association Between Adherence to Guidelines and Patient Outcomes in Severe Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: A Scoping Review.Journal of Neurotrauma, 2025Guideline or evidence
- A Dutch nationwide pediatric cardiac arrest registry with long-term follow-up - towards an international prognostication guideline.Resuscitation Plus (PROGNOSE registry, Netherlands), 2025Guideline or evidence
- Prearrest vital sign abnormalities are associated with adverse outcomes in pediatric ICU cardiac arrest: a get with the guidelines-resuscitation analysis.Resuscitation (American Heart Association Get With The Guidelines-Resuscitation registry study), 2025Guideline or evidence
- A Frostbite Treatment Guideline for Pediatric Patients.Journal of Burn Care & Research (American Burn Association) - single-institution consensus, 2025Guideline or evidence
- Manual on paediatric HIV care and treatment for district hospitals: addendum to the Pocket book of hospital care of childrenWorld Health Organization, 2011Guideline or evidence
- Accuracy of cystatin C in prediction of acute kidney injury in children; serum or urine levels: which one works better? A systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC Nephrology, 2017Guideline or evidence
- Effect of therapeutic hypothermia on renal and myocardial function in asphyxiated (near) term neonates: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS One, 2021Guideline or evidence
- BSPED Guideline for the Management of Children and Young People under the age of 18 years with Diabetic KetoacidosisBritish Society for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (BSPED), 2024Guideline or evidence
- Epilepsies in children, young people and adults (NICE guideline NG217)NICE, 2026Guideline or evidence
- Intravenous fluid therapy in children and young people in hospital (NICE guideline NG29)NICE, 2020Guideline or evidence
- Bronchiolitis in children: diagnosis and management (NICE guideline NG9)NICE, 2021Guideline or evidence
- Long-term risk of chronic kidney disease and mortality in children after acute kidney injury: a systematic review.BMC Nephrology, 2014Guideline or evidence
- Part 4: Pediatric Basic and Advanced Life Support 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care.American Heart Association, 2021Guideline or evidence
- Surviving Sepsis Campaign International Guidelines for the Management of Septic Shock and Sepsis-Associated Organ Dysfunction in Children.Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SCCM/ESICM), 2020Guideline or evidence
- 2022 Society of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice Guidelines on Prevention and Management of Pain, Agitation, Neuromuscular Blockade, and Delirium in Critically Ill Pediatric Patients With Consideration of the ICU Environment and Early Mobility.Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), 2022Guideline or evidence
- American Heart Association 2025 Guidelines: Basic life support, advanced cardiovascular life support, pediatric advanced life support, and neonatal resuscitation.American Heart Association, 2026Guideline or evidence
- Commentary: Guidelines for the Management of Pediatric Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Third Edition: Update of the Brain Trauma Foundation Guidelines, Executive Summary.Brain Trauma Foundation, 2019Guideline or evidence
- Adapting Evidence-Based Practice Guidelines for Sedation, Analgesia, Withdrawal, and Delirium Assessment and Management in Critically Ill Children.Critical Care Research and Practice (institutional guideline adaptation panel), 2026Guideline or evidence
- Efficacy of Smartphone Active and Passive Virtual Reality Distraction vs Standard Care on Burn Pain Among Pediatric Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA Network Open, 2021Guideline or evidence
- A Mixed Lipid Emulsion for Prevention of Parenteral Nutrition Associated Cholestasis in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants: A Randomized Clinical Trial.The Journal of Pediatrics, 2018Guideline or evidence
- Incidence and risk factors of posttraumatic epilepsy following pediatric traumatic brain injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Epilepsia, 2022Guideline or evidence
- Guideline: updates on the management of severe acute malnutrition in infants and childrenWorld Health Organization, 2013Guideline or evidence
- Efficacy of Prophylactic Dexmedetomidine in Preventing Postoperative Junctional Ectopic Tachycardia After Pediatric Cardiac Surgery.Journal of the American Heart Association, 2017Guideline or evidence
- In-Hospital Outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury After Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: A Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in Pediatrics, 2021Guideline or evidence
- Trends in In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest and Mortality Among Children With Cardiac Disease in the Intensive Care Unit: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA Network Open, 2023Guideline or evidence
- The efficacy of pre-emptive dexmedetomidine versus amiodarone in preventing postoperative junctional ectopic tachycardia in pediatric cardiac surgery.Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia, 2016Guideline or evidence
- Adherence to AHA Guidelines When Adapted for Augmented Reality Glasses for Assisted Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of Medical Internet Research, 2017Guideline or evidence
- The Impact of a Tablet App on Adherence to American Heart Association Guidelines During Simulated Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of Medical Internet Research, 2020Guideline or evidence
- Visual attention during pediatric resuscitation with feedback devices: a randomized simulation study.Pediatric Research (Medical University of Vienna), 2022Guideline or evidence
- Risk Factors for Poor Outcomes in Children Hospitalized With Virus-associated Acute Lower Respiratory Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 2024Guideline or evidence
- Risk Factors for Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Neonates: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in Pediatrics, 2021Guideline or evidence
- The Perspective of the Intensivist on Inotropes and Postoperative Care Following Pediatric Heart Surgery: An International Survey and Systematic Review of the Literature.World Journal for Pediatric & Congenital Heart Surgery, 2018Guideline or evidence
- Does intravenous sildenafil clinically ameliorate pulmonary hypertension during perioperative management of congenital heart diseases in children? - a prospective randomized study.Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia, 2015Guideline or evidence
- Role of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in children with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Critical Care (BioMed Central), 2020Guideline or evidence
- COVID-19 PICU guidelines: for high- and limited-resource settings.International PICU COVID-19 Collaboration (Pediatric Research), 2020Guideline or evidence
- Anticoagulation Monitoring and Targets: The Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Anticoagulation CollaborativE Consensus Conference.Pediatric ECMO Anticoagulation CollaborativE (PEACE), PCCM/SCCM, 2024Guideline or evidence
- Nutritional support for children during critical illness: European Society of Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care (ESPNIC) metabolism, endocrine and nutrition section position statement and clinical recommendations.ESPNIC, 2020Guideline or evidence
- Standardised neonatal parenteral nutrition formulations - an Australasian group consensus 2012.Australasian Neonatal Parenteral Nutrition Consensus Group, 2014Guideline or evidence
- What is the New Research in Pediatric Critical Illness-Related Delirium Since the 2022 Clinical Practice Guidelines.Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (SCCM/WFPICCS journal), 2025Guideline or evidence
- Association between enteral feeding guideline implementation and early enteral nutrition in children with critical bronchiolitis: An uncontrolled before-after study.JPEN (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition), 2026Guideline or evidence
- The Impact of Early Enteral Nutrition on Post-operative Hospital Stay and Complications in Infants Undergoing Congenital Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Journal of Caring Sciences, 2023Guideline or evidence
- Outcomes of Delaying Parenteral Nutrition for 1 Week vs Initiation Within 24 Hours Among Undernourished Children in Pediatric Intensive Care: A Subanalysis of the PEPaNIC Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA Network Open, 2018Guideline or evidence
- SEVERE PERTUSSIS IN CHILDHOOD: UPDATE AND CONTROVERSY - SYSTEMATIC REVIEW.Revista Paulista de Pediatria (Sociedade de Pediatria de São Paulo), 2019Guideline or evidence
- Recommendations for the community-based management of prolonged convulsive seizures in children in Europe.BMC Pediatrics (European expert panel), 2026Guideline or evidence
- Decompressive craniectomy in paediatric traumatic brain injury: a systematic review of current evidence.Child's Nervous System (Springer), 2019Guideline or evidence
- Neurological complications in pediatric patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review of the literature.Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 2021Guideline or evidence
- Phase I randomized clinical trial of N-acetylcysteine in combination with an adjuvant probenecid for treatment of severe traumatic brain injury in children.PLoS One, 2017Guideline or evidence
- Management of convulsive status epilepticus in children: an adapted clinical practice guideline for pediatricians in Saudi Arabia.Saudi Pediatric Neurology Society (Neurosciences, Riyadh), 2017Guideline or evidence
- Association of guideline publication and delays to treatment in pediatric status epilepticus.Neurology (pSERG), 2020Guideline or evidence
- Efficacy and safety of levetiracetam for pediatric convulsive status epilepticus in emergency settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC Neurology, 2025Guideline or evidence
- Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for second-line treatment of paediatric convulsive status epilepticus (EcLiPSE): a multicentre, open-label, randomised trial.Lancet (NIHR HTA-funded EcLiPSE trial), 2019Guideline or evidence
- Italian guidelines on the assessment and management of pediatric head injury in the emergency department.Italian Society of Pediatric Emergency Medicine (SIMEUP), 2018Guideline or evidence
- A systematic review and quality analysis of pediatric traumatic brain injury clinical practice guidelines.PLoS One, 2018Guideline or evidence
- Adherence to pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis guidelines by community emergency departments' providers.International Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2017Guideline or evidence
- Implementing Pediatric Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines: Improving Compliance With Lactate Measurement in the PICU.Critical Care Explorations, 2023Guideline or evidence
- Prevalence and outcome of acute kidney injury, as defined by the new Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes guideline, in very low birth weight infants.World Journal of Nephrology, 2017Guideline or evidence
- Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in children: a report from the 26th Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) consensus conference.Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI), 2024Guideline or evidence
- Neonatal adrenal insufficiency: Turkish Neonatal and Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Societies consensus report.Turkish Neonatal and Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Societies, 2018Guideline or evidence
- A randomized trial of Plasma-Lyte A and 0.9 % sodium chloride in acute pediatric gastroenteritis.BMC Pediatrics, 2016Guideline or evidence
- Early resuscitation of dengue shock syndrome in children with hyperosmolar sodium-lactate: a randomized single-blind clinical trial of efficacy and safety.Critical Care (BioMed Central), 2014Guideline or evidence
- Tight glycemic control in critically ill pediatric patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Critical Care (BioMed Central), 2018Guideline or evidence
- Association between early bronchiolitis and the development of childhood asthma: a meta-analysis.BMJ Open, 2021Guideline or evidence
- REstrictive versus StandarD FlUid Management in Mechanically Ventilated ChildrEn Admitted to PICU: a pilot randomized controlled trial (REDUCE-1).Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (SCCM/WFPICCS), 2026Guideline or evidence
- Clinical guidelines on pediatric asthma exacerbation in emergency department, a narrative review.European Journal of Translational Myology, 2020Guideline or evidence
- Management of asthma exacerbations in the paediatric population: a systematic review.European Respiratory Review (European Respiratory Society), 2021Guideline or evidence
- Expert consensus on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infections in children.World Journal of Pediatrics (multidisciplinary expert consensus group), 2024Guideline or evidence
- UPDATE - 2022 Italian guidelines on the management of bronchiolitis in infants.Italian Society of Pediatrics (Italian Journal of Pediatrics), 2023Guideline or evidence
- Inter-society consensus document on treatment and prevention of bronchiolitis in newborns and infants.Italian inter-society panel (Italian Journal of Pediatrics), 2014Guideline or evidence
- Efficacy and safety of high flow nasal oxygen for children with bronchiolitis: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ Open Respiratory Research, 2021Guideline or evidence
- Trends Over Time in Use of Nonrecommended Tests and Treatments Since Publication of the American Academy of Pediatrics Bronchiolitis Guideline.JAMA Network Open, 2021Guideline or evidence
- SABRE: a multicentre randomised control trial of nebulised hypertonic saline in infants hospitalised with acute bronchiolitis.Thorax (SABRE trial investigators, UK), 2014Guideline or evidence
- Association of Fluid Balance With Short- and Long-term Respiratory Outcomes in Extremely Premature Neonates: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA Network Open, 2022Guideline or evidence
- Changes in the global hospitalisation burden of respiratory syncytial virus in young children during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis.The Lancet Infectious Diseases (PROMISE/WHO-funded collaboration), 2024Guideline or evidence
- Effect of withholding early parenteral nutrition in PICU on ketogenesis as potential mediator of its outcome benefit.Critical Care (PEPaNIC investigators), 2020Guideline or evidence
- The perinatal period should be considered in neonatal acute respiratory distress syndrome: comparison of the Montreux definition vs. the second pediatric acute lung injury consensus conference definition.Frontiers in Pediatrics, 2023Guideline or evidence
- Randomised controlled trial of oxygen therapy and high-flow nasal therapy in African children with pneumonia.Intensive Care Medicine (COAST trial investigators), 2021Guideline or evidence
- Extracorporeal life support in pediatric trauma: a systematic review.Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open (BMJ), 2019Guideline or evidence
- High-Frequency Oscillation vs Mechanical Ventilation for Neonatal Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA Network Open, 2026Guideline or evidence
- A systematic review of clinical practice guidelines and recommendations for the management of pain, sedation, delirium and iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome in pediatric intensive care.Frontiers in Pediatrics, 2023Guideline or evidence
- Clinical recommendations for pain, sedation, withdrawal and delirium assessment in critically ill infants and children: an ESPNIC position statement for healthcare professionals.ESPNIC, 2016Guideline or evidence
- Continuous Magnesium Sulfate Infusions for Status Asthmaticus in Children: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in Pediatrics, 2022Guideline or evidence
- Permissive versus restrictive temperature thresholds in critically ill children with fever and infection: a multicentre randomized clinical pilot trial.Critical Care (BioMed Central), 2019Guideline or evidence
- Chinese expert consensus on the Management of Pediatric Deep Partial-Thickness Burn Wounds (2023 edition).Chinese expert committee (Burns & Trauma), 2023Guideline or evidence
- Variations in Guidelines for Diagnosis of Child Physical Abuse in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review.JAMA Network Open, 2021Guideline or evidence
- Evidence-based practical guideline for procedural pain management and sedation for burn pediatrics patients undergoing wound care procedures.Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 2022Guideline or evidence
- Adherence to who severe acute malnutrition guidelines and mortality in critically ill children ‒ A cohort study in a pediatric intensive care unit.Nutrición Hospitalaria (journal), 2026Guideline or evidence
- Impact of the francophone pediatric intensive care group bronchiolitis recommendations on diagnostic testing, antibiotic therapy and patient prognosis.Archives de Pédiatrie (Société française de pédiatrie) – study of GFRUP guidelines, 2026Guideline or evidence
- Prospective Evaluation of Adherence to French Guidelines on Early Onset Sepsis Management.The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 2025Guideline or evidence
- Restrictive guideline for red blood cell transfusions in preterm neonates: effect of a protocol change.Vox Sanguinis, 2019Guideline or evidence
- Cognitive function following diabetic ketoacidosis in young children with type 1 diabetes.Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism (journal), 2023Guideline or evidence
- Clinical characteristics, treatment and outcomes of paediatric COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Archives of Disease in Childhood (BMJ), 2021Guideline or evidence
- [Interpretation on the "surviving sepsis campaign international guidelines for the management of septic shock and sepsis-associated organ dysfunction in children"].Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics, 2020Guideline or evidence
- European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Paediatric Life Support.European Resuscitation Council, 2021Guideline or evidence
- European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Paediatric Life Support.European Resuscitation Council, 2025Guideline or evidence
- Admission Criteria to Paediatric Intensive Care for Oncology Haematology Patients: Updates and Evidence-Based Clinical Recommendations.Pediatric Reports (review article), 2026Guideline or evidence
- Conservative management of pediatric patients with solid organ injury after blunt abdominal trauma. Consensus sponsored by the Spanish Society of Pediatric Surgery.Spanish Society of Pediatric Surgery (SECP), 2026Guideline or evidence
- Consensus-Based Recommendations on Priority Activities to Address Acute Kidney Injury in Children: A Modified Delphi Consensus Statement.Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI), 2022Guideline or evidence
- Guidelines for the use of lung ultrasound to optimise the management of neonatal respiratory distress: international expert consensus.BMC Medicine (international expert Delphi panel), 2025Guideline or evidence
- Diabetes (type 1 and type 2) in children and young people: diagnosis and management (NICE guideline NG18)NICE, 2023Guideline or evidence
- Head injury: assessment and early management (NICE guideline NG232)NICE, 2023Guideline or evidence
- Suspected sepsis: recognition, diagnosis and early management (NICE guideline NG51)NICE, 2024Guideline or evidence
- The psychological impact of paediatric burn injuries: a systematic review.BMC Public Health, 2021Guideline or evidence
- Red blood cell transfusion threshold after pediatric cardiac surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Medicine (journal), 2019Guideline or evidence
- ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2022: Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state.ISPAD, 2022Guideline or evidence
- Guideline on management of pneumonia and diarrhoea in children up to 10 years of ageWorld Health Organization, 2024Guideline or evidence
- Executive Summary of the Second International Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (PALICC-2).Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference (PALICC-2), 2023Guideline or evidence
- Expert consensus‑based clinical practice guidelines for nutritional support in the intensive care unit: the French Intensive Care Society (SRLF) and the French-Speaking Group of Pediatric Emergency Physicians and Intensivists (GFRUP).French Intensive Care Society (SRLF) / GFRUP, 2025Guideline or evidence
- Management of Bleeding and Thrombotic Complications During Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: The Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Anticoagulation CollaborativE Consensus Conference.Pediatric ECMO Anticoagulation CollaborativE (PEACE), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, 2024Guideline or evidence
- Combination of ipratropium bromide and salbutamol in children and adolescents with asthma: A meta-analysis.PLoS One, 2021Guideline or evidence
- Executive Summary: The Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Anticoagulation CollaborativE (PEACE) Consensus Conference.Pediatric ECMO Anticoagulation CollaborativE (PEACE), SCCM, 2024Guideline or evidence
- 2023 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations: Summary From the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Pediatric Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; and First Aid Task Forces.International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR), 2023Guideline or evidence
- Furosemide versus ethacrynic acid in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial.Critical Care (BioMed Central), 2015Guideline or evidence
- Preoperative oral thyroid hormones to prevent euthyroid sick syndrome and attenuate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass in children: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Medicine (journal), 2018Guideline or evidence
- Candida thrombophlebitis in children: a systematic review of the literature.Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 2020Guideline or evidence
- Role of vasopressin and terlipressin in refractory shock compared to conventional therapy in the neonatal and pediatric population: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis.Critical Care (BioMed Central), 2017Guideline or evidence
- Impact of Delirium on Pediatric Critical Care Outcomes and Management Strategies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of Nursing Management, 2026Guideline or evidence
- Point-of-care ultrasound in nutrition assessment and enteral nutrition management of critically ill children: a scoping review.Frontiers in Nutrition, 2026Guideline or evidence
- Turkish Neonatal Society guideline on the transfusion principles in newborns.Turkish Neonatal Society, 2018Guideline or evidence
- Continuous versus Intermittent Enteral Feeding in Critically Ill Children: A Systematic Review.Nutrients (MDPI), 2023Guideline or evidence
- Improved nutrient intake following implementation of the consensus standardised parenteral nutrition formulations in preterm neonates--a before-after intervention study.BMC Pediatrics, 2014Guideline or evidence
- Turkish Neonatal Society guideline on the management of respiratory distress syndrome and surfactant treatment.Turkish Neonatal Society, 2018Guideline or evidence
- Guidelines for the management of emergencies and critical illness in pediatric and adult patients with sickle cell disease.Annals of Intensive Care (French expert panel), 2025Guideline or evidence
- ASH/ISTH 2026 guidelines for anticoagulant prophylaxis in pediatric patients at risk of venous thromboembolism.American Society of Hematology / ISTH, 2026Guideline or evidence
- International Consensus Recommendations for the Treatment of Pediatric NMDAR Antibody Encephalitis.International NMDARE Consensus Panel (Neurology: Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation), 2021Guideline or evidence
- Survey of Pediatric Status Epilepticus Treatment Practices and Adherence to Management Guidelines (Pedi-SPECTRUM e-Survey).Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine (Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine), 2024Guideline or evidence
- Dietary Management of Children With Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus: A Systematic Review and Experience in a Single UK Tertiary Centre.Frontiers in Neurology, 2021Guideline or evidence
- Pediatric AKI in the real world: changing outcomes through education and advocacy-a report from the 26th Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) consensus conference.Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI), 2024Guideline or evidence
- A Survey of Hospital Pharmacy Guidelines for the Administration of 3% Sodium Chloride in Children.Children (Basel) / Children's Hospital Association survey, 2022Guideline or evidence
- 0.9% saline versus Plasma-Lyte as initial fluid in children with diabetic ketoacidosis (SPinK trial): a double-blind randomized controlled trial.Critical Care (London), 2020Guideline or evidence
- ESPNIC clinical practice guidelines: intravenous maintenance fluid therapy in acute and critically ill children- a systematic review and meta-analysis.ESPNIC, 2022Guideline or evidence
- Nutrition in Critically Ill Children with AKI on Continuous RRT: Consensus Recommendations.Kidney360 (multidisciplinary paediatric nephrology and nutrition expert panel), 2024Guideline or evidence
- Balanced Versus Unbalanced Fluid in Critically Ill Children: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (SCCM/WFPICCS), 2022Guideline or evidence
- Pertussis infection in critically ill infants: meta-analysis and validation of a mortality score.Critical Care (London, England), 2025Guideline or evidence
- Balanced crystalloid versus saline for resuscitation in pediatric septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC Pediatrics, 2025Guideline or evidence
- Management of severe asthma exacerbation: guidelines from the Société Française de Médecine d'Urgence, the Société de Réanimation de Langue Française and the French Group for Pediatric Intensive Care and Emergencies.SFMU/SRLF/GFRUP (French societies), 2019Guideline or evidence
- Spontaneous pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema as a complication of asthma in children: case report and literature review.Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease, 2016Guideline or evidence
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of common respiratory viruses in children < 2 years with bronchiolitis in the pre-COVID-19 pandemic era.PLoS One, 2020Guideline or evidence
- Oxygen saturation targets in infants with bronchiolitis (BIDS): a double-blind, randomised, equivalence trial.Lancet (BIDS trial, NIHR HTA), 2015Guideline or evidence
- The role of viral co-infections in the severity of acute respiratory infections among children infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of Global Health, 2020Guideline or evidence
- Monoclonal Antibody for the Prevention of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Infants and Children: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis.JAMA Network Open, 2023Guideline or evidence
- Risk Factors for Severe COVID-19 in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of Korean Medical Science, 2022Guideline or evidence
- Comparison of Prevalence and Outcomes of Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Using Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference Criteria and Berlin Definition.Frontiers in Pediatrics, 2018Guideline or evidence
- Oral feeding for infants and children receiving nasal continuous positive airway pressure and high flow nasal cannula: a systematic review.BMC Pediatrics, 2021Guideline or evidence
- Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Updates in the Light of the PALICC-2 Guidelines.Turkish Archives of Pediatrics, 2025Guideline or evidence
- Surfactant therapies for pediatric and neonatal ARDS: ESPNIC expert consensus opinion for future research steps.ESPNIC, 2021Guideline or evidence
- Thrombomodulin is associated with increased mortality and organ failure in mechanically ventilated children with acute respiratory failure: biomarker analysis from a multicenter randomized controlled trial.Critical Care (BioMed Central), 2021Guideline or evidence
- Safety and efficacy of pulmonary surfactant therapy for acute respiratory distress syndrome in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC Pulmonary Medicine, 2025Guideline or evidence
- The Effect of Foot Reflexology Massage on Delirium and Physiological Indicators in Children Admitted to Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: A Randomized Clinical Trial.TheScientificWorldJournal, 2026Guideline or evidence
- Is There Any Dose of Benzodiazepines Safe for Delirium in the PICU? A Secondary Analysis of the PICU Up! Pilot Trial Dataset.Critical Care Explorations (PICU Up! trial investigators), 2026Guideline or evidence
- Hypothermia for moderate or severe neonatal encephalopathy in low-income and middle-income countries (HELIX): a randomised controlled trial in India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh.The Lancet Global Health, 2021Guideline or evidence
Calculators
- Maintenance fluids (Holliday–Segar)Calculator
- Burns fluid resuscitation (Parkland)Calculator
- Burns area (Lund and Browder)Calculator
- Glasgow Coma Scale (adult and paediatric)Calculator
- Anion gapCalculator
- Corrected sodium in DKACalculator
- Effective osmolalityCalculator
- Oxygenation index (OI and OSI)Calculator
- Phoenix Sepsis ScoreCalculator
- Bedside Schwartz eGFRCalculator
- Paediatric NIH Stroke Scale (PedNIHSS)Calculator
- Corrected QT interval (QTc)Calculator